Thứ Tư, 29 tháng 4, 2015

Welcome to Woof Wednesday! We have a wonderful update today on another proud graduate of Berkeley Humane.

Domino the pup found a loving family about three years ago, and his adopter, Taya Gorin, has nothing but wonderful things to say about her little furry friend.


“My lovely dog was adopted 3 years ago and his name is Domino. He is about 9-10 years old now. We did not change his name and we assume it was done by Berkeley Humane Animal Shelter.

We love this little furry dog, who is so smart. 

We also like the people we met when we came. Friendly, easy to communicate. We really appreciate all the work you do for those pets. And thank you many times for making us happy.” 


A big thanks to Taya for the thoughtful note! We are delighted to hear Domino is living with such a loving family. And we really appreciate your recognition of our work here at Berkeley Humane. It is happy stories like this that keep us going and motivated to work harder every day to help out these animals.


Are you thinking about adopting a dog or cat this spring? You can check out our newest arrivals on our website, or follow us on Facebook and Twitter. Please come visit us if you’d like to meet them in person. 

We are open for adoptions throughout the weekend - 11 am to 5 pm on Friday-Sunday.

If you are interested in learning about our many dog behavior classes or private training, check out the Dog Training page of our website.

Thứ Hai, 27 tháng 4, 2015



Today’s Volunteer Appreciation post features a very special volunteer, Romy Harness, who serves Berkeley Humane in two distinct but complementary roles: Canine Volunteer and Board Member. Romy started volunteering three years ago as a Canine Volunteer. Her expertise with a range of dog behavior earned her an “upgrade” to Dog Training Assistant, where she is able to help with pooches that might prove a little more challenging to a new volunteer. Her talents and dedication led to an invitation to join Berkeley Humane’s Board of Directors, where she has served as a Director since August 2014.

Romy enjoys contributing to the varied talents that board members bring to their monthly meetings. “Everyone brings a lot of good personal insight and expertise from the different realms they come from,” she says. “When we get together to share ideas and brainstorm, it’s a really good and positive experience. We work together really well.”

The talents Romy brings to the Board of Directors are highly informed by her experiences volunteering at Berkeley Humane. “Because I’ve been a volunteer for three years now, my chosen focus is staff culture, volunteer culture, and morale,” she says. “I’m the only board member who volunteers at Berkeley Humane so I think it gives me a particularly good insight into the other side apart from administration. I don’t have a particular educational background in animals, but [all Board Directors] have something to bring. In my other life, I’m an Executive Assistant at a software company. What I can share from that is an ability for organization, and knowing how to run a professional organization.”

She got started working with Berkeley Humane when she realized how much she wanted to spend time with dogs, even though she recognized that her loft apartment — while a wonderful place for her three cats, Pepe, Rocky, and Bucci — wasn’t ideal for a dog. She realized that volunteering was a great way to spend rewarding time with dogs who would greatly benefit from her efforts. “I started volunteering at Berkeley Humane because I wanted to be around dogs more but wasn’t really set up to have a dog. I started to volunteer and it has grown from there.”

Romy also points out that volunteering wasn’t just about satisfying her need for quality doggy time. The animals and shelter benefit just as much.

“I know that organizations like Berkeley Humane and other shelters really depend a lot on volunteers. I know how valuable foster help and people helping on-site can be.”

Romy’s dual positions as a board member and dog training assistant complement each other. “[Holding both volunteer positions] is extremely beneficial! They benefit each other, especially by giving me a lot more breadth of knowledge about the day-to-day running of the shelter. It really helps me because I get to know the staff and other volunteers well and see how things are going.”

“I think my future vision is twofold. One is to get a new shelter built. Along with that [my vision is to] continue to examine as a board how to best serve the animals and people of our community.”


Thank you for your dedication, Romy! We appreciate your years of service and the variety of ways you help Berkeley Humane grow.

If you’d like to help make Romy’s vision of community service come true, please consider volunteering at Berkeley Humane. No matter what talent you have to share, we probably have a volunteer opportunity you’ll excel at.

Thứ Sáu, 24 tháng 4, 2015




Happy Feline Friday, everyone! We have a heartwarming story to share with you to kick off the weekend.

Meet Jeepers and Dexter, two handsome kitties that settled into a wonderful home five years ago. These best friends still enjoy cuddling with each other and continue to charm their family.

The pair’s adopter, Jen Brown, wrote recently to update us on their adventures:





"I adopted Jeepers and Dexter back in 2010 when I got my very first apartment. I don't know what I would have done if I didn't have them with me. I love them to pieces!!!  Today they live in a nice big house and have two puppy brothers."

A big thanks to Jen for the thoughtful update! It means so much to us to hear how animals are doing long after they left Berkeley Humane.

Are you thinking about adopting a cat or dog? Please help us find homes for the wonderful animals at Berkeley Humane. You can check out our newest arrivals on our website, or follow us on Facebook and Twitter. Please come visit us if you’d like to meet them in person.

We are open for adoptions throughout the weekend - 11 am to 5 pm on Friday-Sunday.

Thứ Tư, 22 tháng 4, 2015

Welcome to another Woof Wednesday, everyone. 

Today we have an absolutely lovely Going Home post. One of an adorable pup named Berkeley who brought some warmth so an adopter's heart after she had to say goodbye to her previous beloved dog.

There is really nothing I can add to the love in her story, so let's go straight to the message Laura left on our Facebook page. This is what she said:


"I had lost the dog-love-of-my-life --a graceful loving Golden Retriever. I'm 64-years-old and decided I had had enough of grief, enough of dogs. I vowed never to fall in love with a dog again.
Every morning I woke with no desire to get out of bed. Why bother? My Golden Girl was gone, no one to walk with, no one to talk with. I'd lay in bed and just think about my perfect Golden Retriever, and grieve.
One day out of boredom and lassitude, I started checking out dog-sites. I came across the Berkeley Humane Society site.
There, I saw a sight, indeed! A scruffy little black and white fella with chestnut eyes of a wise man! I got my depressed self together enough to take a ride out to Berkeley (I live in Walnut Creek) to see this little fella. Could he be as intriguing as he looks online?
They brought him out. He sat down, raised his head toward mine, and looked directly into my eyes, with his. It looked like a tiny little human was staring at me from inside that scruffy wire-haired puppy. His eyes didn't break from mine. How could I leave him behind?
I couldn't.
Now, when I wake up every morning, "Berkeley" greets me enthusiastically, ready to play and romp. He adores me, and I need adoration. He follows me, jumps up on the couch, but knows not to jump on the bed. He's as different from my Golden as he could be. But one thing's the same: the lively love you can get only from a best-friend dog."

With such a sad beginning, but such a happy ending, this story shows a lot of why we at Berkeley Humane love what we do so much. It's for the animals, but just as much for the humans. We all need love, adoration, companionship and a real and trusted friend. We're just the matchmakers, really, but it is a grateful job. 

Do you want to help? We're in need of volunteers and fosters and would welcome you lending a hand in the work that comes with bringing cats and dogs in touch with their new families. Read more here.


Thứ Sáu, 17 tháng 4, 2015

Welcome to another Feline Friday. 

Today we have a very special post. It came to us through our Facebook and it gives us a glimpse into the life of Houdini the cat. As you know, we at Berkeley Humane love hearing from everyone who has adopted one of our animals, but we have a special place in our hearts for people who send us an update after a long time has passed. Today's post is one of those long term adoption stories: Houdini was adopted more than 15 years ago. 

As it is, with cats and dogs alike, they do not live forever. And when you adopt a cat and live with it for 15 years, there may come a time you have to say goodbye. That, too, we get in this post. This is what Houdini's adopter wrote us:

"We adopted our cat "Houdini" (she was called Penny at your shelter and she was about 3 years old at the time - she had been at the shelter for over 3 months being chosen over for the kitties I guess). But when we saw her we knew she was the one. She lived for another 15 years (and maybe a tad more - we lost track) with us and sadly last week her health declined rather rapidly and we had to put her down with the support of the Berkeley Dog & Cat Hospital / Special Veterinary Services

The moon will rise, the sun will set 
And you my friend, I will never forget"



We will not forget Houdini either, Hilary. Thank you for choosing her that day in the adoption center and for giving her a life full of love and warmth and contentment. And thank you for letting us know how she fared for all those years. We're sure she must have loved living with you.

Losing a pet can be very hard. Pets are often some of the least judgemental and most loving presences in our life, and when those fall away, it can come as a big blow. This is why Berkeley Humane offers a support group for people who have lost a pet. You can read a bit more about it on our website.


Thứ Tư, 15 tháng 4, 2015



Welcome to Woof Wednesday!

We’re offering you double the smiles today with a wonderful picture of Arya and Roger, whose smiling faces prove how much happier the journey can be when committed adopters meet the right pets!
 


Adopter Rosie tells us:

“Two new best friends all due to Berkeley Humane. :) Welcome home to Arya and her new big brother Roger, who was adopted in June 2014. All smiles!”

Arya clearly has a talent for delightful expressions. When she was available for adoption at Berkeley Humane she posed for this personable portrait:


Look at that mug!

May there be many funny faces in your future, Rosie, and thank you for sharing your photo! It’s great to see Arya and Roger so happy together!

Are you looking to adopt more smiles into your home? Visit our website to learn about adoptable dogs or visit us Friday through Sunday from 11-5.

Thứ Hai, 13 tháng 4, 2015

After a hiatus, we’re back with the Volunteer of the Month series. In this series we celebrate our volunteers, and show appreciation for how much their work means for Berkeley Humane and the animals we rescue. Many of the hours worked at Berkeley Humane, are worked by volunteers and it is no exaggeration that without them, we could not be the organization we want to be.

Monday morning, 7 AM. Carol arrives for her usual shift of volunteer work at Berkeley Humane’s adoption center. In the next two hours she will spend time cleaning the kennels of those dogs unable to stay with a foster family throughout the week, for instance when they need medical care or are under evaluation. Caring for them is the main job of Berkeley Humane’s Canine Volunteers. This means cleaning kennels, but also training and socializing the dogs, assisting with adoptions, or just giving a dog some loving company.

If Carol has time left after cleaning, she will also take the dogs for a walk through the neighborhood. She might just let them sniff their fill of trees and street lights, but sometimes she also walks them past her house. If so, her grandkids, who she often cares for when their parents are at work, are happy to lavish the pooch in question with pets and hugs. This allows Carol to socialize the dog to interactions with children, while also teaching the kids how to politely and calmly approach dogs. Canine Volunteers receive training on how to handle the animals, and Carol loves how she continues to learn and always find opportunities to learn more about dogs and their behavior.

Carol has been with Berkeley Humane for about 18 months. She picked up her first shift after Jack, her doggy friend and fellow East Coast transplant, passed away. Helping animals by giving them clean kennels and a much-needed walk, became a wonderful way to honor the companionship she got from him. Carol’s volunteer work also led her to adopt a new companion: Pearl, a sweet white terrier mix, who Carol encountered during her work.

Carol and Pearl at Pearl's birthday party - complete with dog friendly peanut butter cake

When asked about the nature of the work, Carol shares that it helps to not to be squeamish. Cleaning kennels does involve dog poop, after all. Still, the gratitude of the dogs more than makes up for the less-than-rosy-smelling parts of the job. She also says that while cleaning takes up the most time in her shift because she is the first one to come in, she considers the walking of the dogs to be at least as important. For dogs who make do without a foster family, a walk is often a very welcome break from the kennel and an opportunity to get some extra attention.

One of the hardest parts of Carol’s job is seeing loving, sweet dogs who take a while to get adopted. She shows up on Monday morning hoping that the weekend’s adoption hours have emptied out the kennels, but sometimes finding the right family is not a one-week deal. Doing what she can to make their kennels comfortable and cozy helps, but in the end, she feels, every dog deserves a loving family. Life in a kennel, no matter how clean and regardless of the amount of walks, is not as good as a comfortable basket in a living room and a place in the heart of a family.

Our Canine Volunteers are highly treasured. Their work makes a world of difference, for the workload of Berkeley Humane’s staff, but especially for the quality of life of the dogs awaiting their adoption. As long as we cannot offer foster families to all our dogs – something we do aim for – it is the Canine Volunteer on who these dogs rely for much of their stimulation and fun.  

Do you want to become a Canine Volunteer? You will be trained in dog handling techniques and we offer shifts between 7AM and 7 PM on every day of the week. For more information, and for an application, please visit our website

Thứ Sáu, 10 tháng 4, 2015

Spring is here! It is the season for bright green leaves and blossoming flowers. It is also the season for kittens.

Over the next few months, we expect hundreds of kittens to come to Berkeley Humane. While we try our very best to help these little ones get off to a great start, it can be challenging to accommodate such a large number of animals over such a brief period of time. Caring for these kittens will require an immense amount of resources including manpower, specialized food, supplies, and medical care.

With that in mind, we wanted to acquaint our readers with some of the financial realities of our work here at Berkeley Humane.

Caring for kittens costs more than caring for older animals. Like human babies, kittens require a lot of resources - our staff and volunteers feed them around the clock, stimulate them to ensure proper digestion and provide medical care including vaccinations. Additionally, if a kitten doesn’t have a mom, we make sure it receives special food so it can grow up to be healthy and strong.

Here is a rough breakdown of how much Berkeley Humane spends on caring for different animals:

-$15 a week to feed a cat, on average. This is because they require wet food in addition to dry food.
-$10 a week to feed a dog.
-$20 for one vaccination (kittens receive multiple vaccinations to be fully protected).
-$25 for one flea treatment.
-$150 to spay or neuter an animal. We give this service to every animal that comes to our facility.

Such expenses can add up. On average, it costs roughly $900 per animal for a two-week stay at our facility (a typical stay is between 10 days and two weeks). Roughly half that amount is for medical care, reflecting Berkeley Humane's commitment to help injured or sick animals who might otherwise be overlooked in the overpopulated shelter system.

Our highest adoption fee is $250. That means we pay $650 or more for every animal we connect with a loving home.

That’s why your support is indispensable.

We have the passion, drive, knowledge and skills to help as many animals as possible. But we cannot do this alone. Your help in whatever form - whether volunteering time, making donations of food, blankets or toys, or money - will help us care for the animals until they find a loving home. And we know from experience that healthy and happy animals are more likely to find a new family quickly.

So please know that no type of help is too small. Every bit counts.

If you are interested in making a donation to Berkeley Humane this kitten season, please feel free to contact us. (You can donate online here: https://www.berkeleyhumane.org/Donate-KS-Web)

We’ll be thrilled to hear from you and will welcome any questions or ideas. We sincerely hope we can come together as a community to care for animals in need!


You can contact us at: information@berkeleyhumane.orgor (510) 845-3633 Monday through Friday.

Thứ Tư, 8 tháng 4, 2015

Welcome to another great Woof Wednesday! 

The #LookingFur Love social media action we ran a while back gave us many great adoption stories. Today we want to share one of these, namely the story of the lovely Jelly. She has been with her human for 11 years now. That makes the story below is precisely the kind of long term success we love hearing back from.

Jelly's story is also the story of a 'foster failure' - the term used when a person who fosters an animal chooses to permanently adopt the animal and keep it in their home. Fosters are vitally important for the work of Berkeley Humane, and it is so very understandable that they sometimes find an animal that really becomes a family member that a 'foster failure'  is really the best kind of failure anyone can ever experience. 

This is what Rachel has to say about her journey with Jelly:

"Eleven years ago I brought Jelly into my home as a foster dog from BEBHS. It is one of the best decisions of my life. She came to stay with me because she was quite insecure and needed lots of TLC. Within 2 weeks I knew she would be with me forever. She is the sweetest, smartest and silliest dog. Over the years we have had countless adventures together. She is my best companion. At 13 years of age now, she has slowed down just a bit. I love to hear her snoring lightly on the couch behind me as I work at the computer or watch her through the window as she soaks in the sunshine in the garden. She is my dear dog and I’m so glad she found her way to me. Thank you. ‪#‎LookingFurLove‬"


Do you want a friend like Jelly? Come visit us during our adoption hours: Friday through Sunday between 11 and 5. And if you have already adopted your furry friend, tell us your story on facebook or by emailing the adoption counselor. We love hearing from you!

Thứ Sáu, 3 tháng 4, 2015

It's not every day that we get to report on one of the world's most famous explorers and naturalists. Today, however, we can. Jacques Cousteau is one happy red kitty who, after his many travels and an expedition with us at Berkeley Humane, has found a new safe harbor. 

His family is very happy to have him - who knows what stories he will tell of his adventures. Now that he has been safe in port for about a year, his human companions sent us a message to let us know how the furry explorer is doing. This is what they said: 

"Blissed out joy to be here! We brought Jacques Cousteau, a 5 year old cat, home a year ago... he's the best cat either of us have either had! Love this orange fur creature so much!"



Isn't that the face of a cat who loves life in a loving family after a time at sea? We think so!

If you also want a new friend, come visit us this weekend and see if we don't have an adventurer or a cuddle bug who fits with your family. We're open for adoptions from 11 to 5 on Friday, Sunday and Saturday.

Thứ Năm, 2 tháng 4, 2015


Guest post by: Simon Gadbois, PhD, of the Canid Behaviour Research Laboratory at Dalhousie University (@GadboisSimon & Facebook).


Simon Gadbois at SPARCS 2014
Ha the 80’s… So nostalgic of the eighties. Finishing High School, starting University, the best and the worst music of the past 50 years. Speaking of the things we are not missing: mullets and pony tails (I am so sorry mother, everybody was doing it…), parachute pants and stonewashed jeans (please don’t tell me they are coming back), shoulder pads, blue eye shadow, and punitive/coercive dog training methods…

The 90’s were refreshing. We started the Decade of the Brain (the new fixation and obsession with neuroscience), started to focus on dogs as genuine research subjects, and indulged in pretty radical re-thinking of everything having to do with dogs and wolves. A lot of good came out of the 90’s. But a lot of myths were also created. It was also the start of a new appreciation for science in general. Popularization of science and knowledge translation became the focus of some scientists. Some did it well. Very well. Others confused popularization with oversimplifying and polarizing issues between “right” and “wrong”, and encouraged the idea of a “truth” and the wrong idea that science is about “facts” or about “proving” things.

Let’s examine some of those ideas. First, science does NOT prove anything. Science can only be “quite sure” (at best) about something. Mathematics (a tool of science) can offer “proofs”, but the scientific process itself is not about proving anything. It does not matter if you used null hypothesis significance testing, Bayesian statistics, or any other method. If there is one thing we know about research as scientists, it is about what we are not 100% sure about. Unfortunately some scientists and non-scientists want to be convincing, and use very strong language to make their points. Many would defend that strategy by arguing that they have to convince trainers that they are doing it wrong. It seems that there is a new movement now going to rectify some of those created myths and misunderstandings. Some of us engaged in some of these comments (e.g., Roger Abrantes, Marc Bekoff, Monique Udell, myself) are often getting criticized for appearing to go against the current. Interestingly, from a scientific perspective, we are with the current. I will expand on this below.

One thing that plagues the knowledge translation process in canine science is the fact that the public has access mostly to books (albeit written by scientists). A little known fact is that most scientists don’t write books (or blog posts, or Facebook comments)… They write scientific papers, present posters and give talks to peers at scientific conferences. Why? Because many, if not most, are not interested in sharing with the public what they do. They do not have the time to write books, because, after all, peer-reviewed papers, not books, will get you tenure, other promotions, and scientific funding. The result is interesting: Most non-scientists in the dog world have a very biased perspective of who is actually well-known in the canid science world. They will name Coppinger, Klinghammer, Miklósi, Mech, etc. (all truly great scientists, for the record, along with some much less well known ones in scientific circles), and overlook other giants in the field. It always baffles me that individuals interested in wolves do not know Carbyn, Fentress, Frank, Ginsburg, Harrington, Moran, Murie, Paquet, Peterson, Pimlott, Zimen, and so many others that are unavoidable contributors of the field (in number of publications as much as scientific contributions and reputation). Although most of them have not written books, or at least not after the 90’s, they have undeniable clout in the field of wolf research (one of my PhD supervisors, John Fentress, is finishing a book as I write this).

So what are examples of confusions that arose from some popularized canine science? Here is a short list of myths. Let me just comment right away that anybody I know that a) actually worked with wolves or studied animal learning, and, b) actually read the scientific papers, would not make the statements below:

1. Punishment does not work and is always cruel.


2. Dominance does not exist in wolves.


3. Dog evolution has nothing to do with wolves.

There is quite a bit to say on each of these items. Note also that, on purpose, the statements are very black or white. In fact, especially with the corrections, clarifications, and even retractions of the past few years from some individuals, many of you will think I am unfairly dramatic. Well, I agree to some extent, but considering what I read on Facebook and elsewhere, this is at least the “dark” end of the spectrum.

You see, science is about shades of grey. Science seeks a consensus. Science seeks converging evidence. That rarely translates into “black or white” statements. Science is about synthesis, open-mindedness, even compromises. Pitting theories against each other is part of the process. But the point is to get to a golden middle. To that idealized “truth” that some promise you. Regardless of what they say, scientists are idealists (and human). Sometimes they get carried away by their convictions and opinions. My father gave me a gift early in my life as a young scientist. In the 50’s, he was a graduate student of Jean Piaget at La Sorbonne. From what I understand, my father struggled very much in trying to reconcile North American and Continental European psychologies. In the process though, he became quite a dialectician, something he taught me through his careful consideration of any argument I would try to make or idea I would put forward (although I was not fully aware of it at the time). The process is simple: State a thesis (e.g., “punishment does not work”). Find the “evidence” for it, argue for that point. Then, state the antithesis (e.g., “punishment works”). Same process, gather the data, argue for that point. Finally, and most importantly, formulate the synthesis. It likely won’t be black (thesis) or white (antithesis), it will be something in the middle, in the shades of grey. His gift was to teach me to be a relativist and never accept dogmatism, in science, or in anything else in life.



Source: Flickr/Col and Tasha Two
Very quickly, the statement, “punishment does not work”, is easy to deconstruct. Obviously (and sadly) punishment (mostly) works. If any of you try to use science to make the statement “punishment does not work”, you are in trouble. There are literally thousands of scientific papers and hundreds of scientific books (e.g., the classic Handbook on Operant Conditioning, Honig & Staddon, 1977; Domjan, 2003*) that will confirm this: Using punishment can suppress, if not inhibit completely, behaviours (it is, after all, the definition of the term). The question in this case is about the statement itself. The statement misses the point: What are the side-effects of punishment? That is the question! And as I often argue, then we fall into ethical arguments more so than scientific ones. I often find scientists and dog trainers not courageous enough in just making an ethical statement. My approach is to ask the question “what kind of relationship do you want with your dog, one based on coercive and punitive interactions, or one based on friendship, communication and mutual understanding?”. There is another important issue associated with the arguments against punishment. Not all punishment is “punitive” and coercive. The scientific definition simply suggests that a punishment will at least reduce the frequency (count per unit of time), duration or intensity of a behaviour. Nothing here suggests the necessity of using shocks, or hitting, kicking, yelling, etc. Somehow, the connotation of the scientific term took a dark turn.

Any student in experimental psychology has done at least one cognitive computer task where the computer gives feedback for accurate (sound A) or inaccurate (sound B) responses. This is typically done so the subject can update its knowledge of the task and change its response pattern to increase performance. Is it not fascinating that the same idea will repulse many trainers? The idea of saying (softly) “no”, or “nuh uh” or use a non-reward marker (a very fancy terminology to say “punishment”) seems to get people all up-in-arms. Why? Well, technically, if “no” means “that was not the right choice” or “don’t do that again”, and the dog does not repeat the behaviour… it was a punishment. It is actually what I like to call information. Simple. We like information as humans, because it accelerates learning, it helps us make sense of the world, it helps us make sense of a set of rules in a game. When I was learning classical guitar in the 70’s, I was very happy to have my teacher tell me what I was doing right, and what I was doing wrong. It was less frustrating to know about my mistakes, than trying to guess what I was doing wrong. He was paid to tell me this. Why do we deprive our dogs of that information? In my lab we work a lot with border collies. I have seen border collies go nuts if they are told only what they do right, and are ignored when making a wrong choice (for example, in a matching-to-sample task). In fact, ignoring wrong responses becomes very aversive, without really telling the dog what to avoid doing. Interesting, is it not? That will sound familiar. Positive reinforcement-only trainers will often make the argument that punishment won’t tell the dog what to do. Mmmh… that’s right… but it won’t tell the dog what to avoid doing either. This becomes very obvious in some complex tasks with multiple choices, meaning multiple possible mistakes or misses. But again, you are not “punishing” (with the modern, non-scientific connotation), you are informing.

To summarize this discussion on punishment:


1. Punishment works… but if punitive and coercive, it does not make it good or ethical.
 

2. Punishment is not necessarily punitive or coercive.
 

3. Information (feedback) about good choices (positive feedback) and mistakes (negative feedback) accelerates learning and decreases frustration… even if technically the negative feedback part, by definition, is “punishment” (as it gets the dogs to reduce or eliminate responses).

As for dominance… ugh… what a mess that one is… and the confusion between dominance (as status vs. as a trait), dominance hierarchies, aggression, aggressiveness, agonistic behaviours, rank, status, etc. People citing papers that are supposed to reject the dominance concept when they actually simply redefine the alpha role (not roll) and in fact even suggest parents have a firm hold on the pups (i.e., being quite disciplinarians)… yes, that Mech paper (1999). The same author that more recently published on dominance in wolves (e.g., Mech, 1999; Mech, 2000; Peterson, Jacobs, Drummer, Mech, Smith, 2002) because he actually never denied the existence of dominance hierarchies, and the same author that writes to Marc Bekoff about Bekoff’s great piece “Social Dominance Is Not a Myth: Wolves, Dogs, and Other Animals” published in another blog platform in February of 2012: “… a quick scan of the (name removed) article reveals much misinformation attributed to me. This misinterpretation and total misinformation like (name removed)’s has plagued me for years now. I do not in any way reject the notion of dominance.”

In an online essay by Mech, he also writes "Similarly, pups are subordinate to both parents and to older siblings, yet they are fed preferentially by the parents, and even by their older (dominant) siblings (Mech et al. 1999). On the other hand, parents both dominate older offspring and restrict their food intake when food is scarce, feeding pups instead. Thus, the most practical effect of social dominance is to allow the dominant individual the choice of to whom to allot food." Ironically, Mech pointed towards more tension between the breeding male and the breeding female, or between parents and progeny, than I believe we ever saw or documented at the Canadian Centre for Wolf Research (a captive pack in a 4 hectare enclosure; e.g., Fentress et al, 1987; Gadbois, 2002). So much for the idea that captive wolves are more likely to show dominance than wild ones! I am still waiting for the evidence (actual data) suggesting that captive wolves are more stressed than wild ones. So far, I see only the opposite trend, or no difference at all.

For my part, I adhere at least partially to “role theory”, proposed by scientists like Bernstein, Fedigan, Gartland, and Mech (Mech, 1999 writes about “division of labour”, a similar concept). In wolves, it is clear that the dominance hierarchy is in place to determine the breeding pair (as only the formerly labelled “alpha male” and “alpha female” typically breed; wolves are “technically” monogamous). This is clearly seen via noticeable peaks in aggression in (captive and wild) packs during the breeding season (January to March). Our main captive pack at the Canadian Centre for Wolf Research rarely displayed significant aggression or dominance conflicts outside of the breeding season (with some exceptions over the 30 year life of that pack). And even during the breeding season, my Master’s student Barbara Molnar re-analyzed my PhD videotapes to find that they still engaged in almost 3 times more affiliative behaviours (e.g., play) than agonistic behaviours during that more “conflictual” time of year!



Photo: Dennis Matheson

We also forget that not all packs (captive or wild) are the same. Some form nuclear family groups (mom, dad, pups of the year). In those groups you are less likely to find any dominance hierarchy. Why? Well, for one, wolves don’t “enter” the dominance hierarchy until they are sexually mature (at puberty). In principle this is not until their first Winter/Spring, and often not until the following breeding season, in other words, well into their second year. So those “nuclear” or immediate family units (like the Arctic wolves of Ellesmere) cannot compare to wolves that form extended family groups that are multi-generational (with cousins, uncles, aunts, even grandparents, being part of the group). In those family units, there will be individuals interested in breeding beyond the breeding pair. This will create conflicts (note that in principle, in larger packs, some subordinates could end-up never having a chance to breed unless they challenge the breeding individuals).

Another forgotten characteristic of dominance hierarchies, in wolves, humans, or any other animal, is that they are in place in order to avoid conflict and aggression, not contribute to it. In fact, wolves use mostly ritualized aggression, not contact aggression.

To summarize this discussion on dominance:


1. Dominance and dominance hierarchies exist in wolves.


2. It is not all about dominance, in fact, they would rather have fun with their buddies.


3. Dogs are not wolves.

Well, that last point raises yet another issue… Actually, modern molecular genetics is pretty clear about this: They kind of are the same… In the past decade, the debate is more about when and where the “split” occurred. But to play the dialectical game here again… they kind of are “not the same”. We spent centuries working on selectively getting rid of aggressive behaviour in wolves and purposively making them more docile… Why insist on still seeing them as wolves? Have we failed our artificial selection (selective breeding) experiment, or are we just obsessed ourselves with status and rank (think corporations, the military, academic ranks, sibling rivalries)? And again, what kind of relationship do you want with your pet? Personally, I would rather have a friend than a competitor or slave. I don’t get the paranoia, or the servitude angle. That is why I pick dogs as pets, and not grizzlies or wolverines.

To summarize our current knowledge on the origin of dogs:


1. Dogs: They are virtually undistinguishable from wolves, genetically speaking. It is certainly easier to see the similarities than the differences. Somehow these days it is trendy to talk about the differences.


2. Dogs and wolves: They are at the very least extremely close in evolutionary terms. Coppinger discusses this in terms of genealogy, Fentress used to refer to the evolutionary bush (as opposed to an evolutionary tree). Great metaphors in both cases.


3. Obviously domestication induced changes. That was the whole point. Pointing out differences to advance the idea that they are different species is forgetting what artificial selection is about (e.g., inducing neoteny).

For people that may have followed some of my posts on the internet over the past 20 years (Facebook, the old “applied ethology listserv”, “human ethology” list, etc.), I know I will sometimes exasperate some with my relativist attitude and (now you know) my dialectical style… But science is NOT about all-or-nones and black or white judgements, at least, not for long. Science is not infallible, nor is it dogmatic. Science is an attitude, a cognitive style, a method. And I do not accept the idea that the popularization of science and knowledge translation mean that you need to oversimplify the information, especially when communicated to people that will educate others about behaviour, dogs and wolves. Maybe some scientists think that the public is not smart enough to be given all the information and nuances necessary. I would rather give the public the benefit of the doubt and let them decide.

As Spring is upon us, wolves already think about dens, pups, play and fun and leave the politics behind for another year. I wish you the same, until next time.
;-)



Waiting for the testing room to open
Simon Gadbois, Ph.D.
Canid Behaviour Research Laboratory

Dalhousie University
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

@GadboisSimon
Lab Facebook Page
Lab Facebook Group 

Note: The Dalhousie University Canid Behaviour Research Team uses force-free, positive methods of training dogs for olfactory detection, discrimination, identification, tracking and trailing. All dogs are pets volunteered by their owners and are selected for temperament, trainability, scent abilities, and play drive (i.e., “work” drive). For that reason, 95% of our volunteers are border collies or border collie mixes.



* Domjan writes in fact, in this popular textbook (p. 302, 2003, 5th edition) “On the basis of a few experiments Thorndike (1932) and Skinner (1938, 1953) concluded that punishment was not a very effective method for controlling behavior and that it had only temporary effects at best (see also Estes, 1944). This claim was not seriously challenged until the 1960’s, when punishment processes began to be investigated more extensively (Azrin & Holz, 1966; Campbell & Church, 1969; Church, 1963; Solomon, 1964). We now know that punishment can be an effective technique for modifying behavior (Dinsmoor, 1998)."

Images via Canid Behaviour Research Team photo and Facebook pages.

If you found this interesting, you may also enjoy our guest post by Cat Reeve, a member of the Canid Behaviour Research TeamCat and Dogs: seeking solutions with sniffing canines and science, or see all of our guest contributors.


References
Domjan, M. (2003). The Principles of Learning and Behavior. Thomson - Wadsworth.

Fentress, J.C., Ryon, J., McLeod, P.J., & Havkin, G.Z. (1987). A multidimensional approach to agnostic behavior in wolves. In Frank, H. (1987) Man and wolf: Advances, issues, and problems in captive wolf research: Hingham, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.


Gadbois, S. (2002). The socioendocrinology of aggression-mediated stress in timber wolves (Canis lupus). PhD dissertation, Dalhousie University.


Honig, W. K, & Staddon, J. R. (1977). Handbook of Operant Behaviour. Prentice-Hall.


Mech, D. (2000). Leadership in wolf, Canis lupus, packs. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 114, 259-263.


Mech L.D. (1999). Alpha status, dominance, and division of labor in wolf packs, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77 (8) 1196-1203. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-099


Mech, L.D., Wolf, P.C., & Packard, J.M. (1999). Regurgitative food transfer among wild wolves. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77, 1192-1195.


Peterson, R.O., Jacobs, A.K., Dummer, T.D., Mech, L.D, & Smith, D.W. (2002). Leadership behavior in relation to dominance and reproductive status in gray wolves, Canis lupus. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 80, 1405-1412.


© 2015 Simon Gadbois | Do You Believe in Dog?